Phytochemical screening and pharmacological activity of Bush pepper (Piper nigrum L.) through gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy technique

This study explores the phytochemical compounds and their pharmacological properties in Bush pepper (Piper nigrum L.) berries of two distinct agroforestry systems: A rubber-based system (Hevea brasiliensis) and a terminalia-based system (Terminalia elliptica).The essential oil content was found to be slightly higher in the rubber-based system (3.48%)compared to the terminalia-based system (3.44%).Similarly, oleoresin content was greater in the rubber-based system (12.17%)than in the terminalia-based system (11.90%).Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed a diverse phytochemical profile in the essential oils, with significant constituents identified such as piperine as the main component.Other identified key constituents include monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes such as -caryophyllene, limonene, phytol, pinene and pentadecane.However, few uncommon compounds such as spiro [5.5] undecane and pempidine in the rubber-based system, 2-adamantanone and 1,3-phenylene, bis (3-phenylpropenoate) in the terminalia-based system occupied significant proportions in the essential oil content.Variations in essential oil composition are influenced by agroforestry systems and related factors affecting secondary metabolite synthesis.The diverse phytochemical profiles of P. nigrum reveal its significant bioactive properties and potential in phytomedicine.The compound's antimicrobial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities suggest promising therapeutic applications.As interest in natural products continues to grow, the pharmacological potential of P. nigrum presents valuable opportunities for drug development and nutraceutical applications.The integration of agroforestry practices can optimize the yield and quality of these bioactive compounds, paving the way for innovative therapeutic solutions.