Irisin and physiological effects on human metabolic processes

Irisin is a newly discovered hormone that is released from the skeletal muscles when exercising. Genetically, exercise primarily increases PGC-1α expression in cardiac and skeletal muscles. It also develops several metabolic parameters, such as insulin sensitivity and signaling, starts the process of activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphorylating PGC-1α, and producing fibronectin typeIII domain containing protein 5 ( FNDC5), which cleaves FNDC5 and produces irisin. It is distributed throughout the body and has a physiological effect on several tissues and organs, as it involves several functions. It has a role in the browning of white adipose tissue releases energy stored as heat and thus maintaining the body's balance. It has a role in insulin resistance; it maintains body mass and thus reduces obesity. Therefore, studying the expression and function of physiological, Irisin may open several horizons in its use as a treatment for many diseases such as type II diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and many other diseases. This article reviews the research progress on the role of Irisin on the physiological state of humans.