Enhanced Keypoint-Based Approach for Identifying Copy-Move Forgery in Digital Images

Copy-move forgeries often exploit homogeneous regions in images with large-scale attacks to either highlight or conceal target objects. These manipulations are simple to execute but challenging to notice. Forgery detection techniques like Copy-Move Forgery Detection (CMFD) cannot detect these forged documents because they are unable to identify a sufficient number of effective keypoints in homogeneous areas, leading to inaccurate and inefficient results. SURF stands for Speeded-Up Robust Features and is used in this paper along with A-KAZE and Scale-Invariant Feature Transforms. According to our experiment, A-KAZE offers superior detection performance under diverse attacks, especially when it comes to large-scale attacks targeting homogeneous regions. A-KAZE is found to be more accurate than SIFT, SURF, and A-KAZE when applied to the NB-CASIA dataset, achieving detection accuracies of $\mathbf{8 9. 2 \%}, \mathbf{9 3. 9 \%}$ and $\mathbf{9 8. 9 8 \%}$.)