Sulforaphane Is Not Only a Food Supplement: It Diminishes the Intracellular Survival and Colonization of <i>Salmonella enterica</i>

Sulforaphane is a main bioactive component in several edible cruciferous vegetables. It acquires several benefits to health in addition to its considered antibacterial and antivirulence activities. Herein, we aimed at evaluating the antivirulence activity of sulforaphane against the worldwide clinically important enteric pathogen <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium. The influence of sulforaphane on bacterial adhesion, invasion, biofilm formation, and intracellular replication was assayed. Additionally, the effect of sulforaphane on the type III secretion system (TTSS) in <i>S. enterica</i> was quantified. The outcome of the combination with different antibiotics was assessed, and an in vivo protection assay was conducted to assess the influence on <i>S. enterica</i> pathogenesis. The results showed the significant antibiofilm activity of sulforaphane at subinhibitory effect in addition to its significant reduction in bacterial invasion and intracellular replication inside the host cells. The in vivo findings emphasized the decreased capacity of <i>S. enterica</i> to induce pathogenesis in the presence of sulforaphane. Our finding attributed these antivirulence activities to the interference of sulforaphane with TTSS-type II and the downregulation of its encoding genes. In a nutshell, the edible cruciferous vegetable bioactive sulforaphane is a safe adjunct therapy that can be administrated alongside traditional antibiotics for treating clinically significant enteric pathogens as <i>S. enterica</i>.