Accounting for differences between crops and regions reduces estimates of nitrate leaching from nitrogen-fertilized soils

Nitrate (NO3−) leaching from nitrogen (N) fertilized soils is a significant global concern, affecting both the environment and public health. However, substantial uncertainties and variabilities in NO3− leaching factors (LFs) among regions or crops impede accurate assessments of NO3− leaching. Here we synthesize 2500 field observations worldwide and show that LFs vary by an order of magnitude across regions and crops, primarily driven by hydroclimatic and edaphic conditions rather than N fertilizer management. Global cropland NO3− leaching from synthetic N fertilization, calculated through spatially explicit (15.4, 14.8–16.1 Tg N yr–1) and crop-specific (12.9, 11.0–14.8 Tg N yr–1) LFs, is 41% lower than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier 1 global inventory. Over 47% of this leaching is concentrated in China, India, and the United States, with maize, wheat, rice and vegetables accounting for nearly half of it. Improved regional and crop-specific LFs will provide a benchmark for NO3− leaching abatement by pinpointing potential global hotspots. Almost half of globally leached nitrate from nitrogen-fertilized soil is released in China, India, and the United States, according to a meta-analysis covering 2500 field observations worldwide.