Retirement status change, social support and life satisfaction among older adults: differences by household income level

Purpose This study examines the relationship between changes in retirement status and social support and their associations with the life satisfaction of older adults, with a focus on potential differences across income levels. Design/methodology/approach We analyzed various work-retirement pathways using retirement status data from two waves (2016 and 2018) of the biennial Health and Retirement Study. We examined the relationship between these pathways and life satisfaction, incorporating social support from close relationships, including those with a spouse or partner, children, immediate family members and friends. A subgroup analysis was performed based on household income levels. Findings The study found that completely or partially retired individuals reported higher life satisfaction than those who continued working. Those who had returned to work also experienced higher life satisfaction, particularly among the low-income group. Among the middle-income group, individuals transitioning toward retirement reported greater life satisfaction than those still working. Across all subgroups, closeness with a spouse or partner and having close friends were positively related to life satisfaction. However, a lack of close relationships with immediate family members was linked to lower life satisfaction in the low- and middle-income groups, though this was not found in the high-income group. Originality/value These findings have theoretical, policy, and practical implications for older populations, mainly retirees or those nearing retirement. The study suggests strategies to assist older adults in navigating diverse retirement pathways, such as fostering strong social connections and offering flexible or phased retirement programs to ease the transition.