Risk factors associated with leptospirosis in dual-purpose cattle based on the One Health approach in the department of Huila, Colombia

Leptospirosis significantly impacts beef and dairy cattle production, particularly in tropical regions, although it remains a disease of global relevance. This zoonotic disease primarily causes abortions during the final third of gestation. The present study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with leptospirosis in the southern Andean region of Colombia. To this end, 360 cattle were sampled across 24 municipalities within the department of Huila. A seroprevalence of 49.2% was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). These results were subsequently correlated with various variables obtained through epidemiological surveys. The findings revealed that the primary risk factors for leptospirosis were linked to inadequate livestock management practices. These included improper methods of food storage, failure to implement quarantine protocols for infected animals, the introduction of new fattening cattle into the herd without proper precautions, infrequent weighing of animals, poor storage management of veterinary medications, lack of segregation of sick animals, insufficient estrus detection practices, inadequate hand hygiene when interacting with the herd, and the use of unclean instruments during routine procedures. Conversely, the presence of well-defined internal pathways and the separation of poultry production from cattle operations were identified as protective factors. Understanding these risk factors is critical from a One Health perspective, as it facilitates the implementation of preventive measures aimed at safeguarding both animal and human health.