Quantum Computing and Cryptography: Addressing Emerging Threats

From the Turing Machine in the late 1930s which was hypothesized to be capable of simulating any algorithmic computation to modern computers that can execute intricate computations, the progress in computing has been nothing short of remarkable. Over the past four decades, as delineated by Moore’s law, the dimensions of microchips have halved approximately every two years, leading to faster and more efficient computation. However, the present juncture finds the miniaturization of chips reaching its physical limit, hence making a breakthrough necessary to keep the advancement of computing continuing. Quantum computing emerges to play a vital role here, promising computation at atomic levels, beating even the world’s most powerful supercomputers by carrying out highly complex calculations.As a nascent technology, quantum computing is said to have applications in various areas. This review paper explores the ramifications of quantum computing in cryptography along with the opportunities provided by quantum computing in the field of cyber security. In a post-quantum world, novel quantum-resistant algorithms, such as lattice and code-based encryption will emerge as viable defences against new quantum threats.