Impact of variable magnetic fields on bioconvection in Fe₃O₄–blood suspension under hyperthermia: Insights from Artificial Neural Network analysis

This study investigates the unsteady, fully developed bioconvective flow within a duct subjected to hyperthermia, influenced by a uniform or non-uniform Lorentz force. The motivation stems from the growing importance of understanding heat and mass transfer mechanisms in bioengineering applications, particularly in targeted hyperthermia treatments. The bioconvection is driven by motile microorganisms in a Fe₃O₄–blood suspension, with the magnetic force generated by an electric current in a wire. The effects of Joule heating and viscous dissipation are also considered, while the Langevin magnetization model is employed to analyze weak and strong magnetization situations. The study employs the Finite Volume Method (FVM) to solve the governing equations under constant axial pressure gradients. Additionally, an artificial neural network (ANN) is integrated to accurately predict critical physical quantities such as Nusselt numbers. Key findings reveal that the highest heat transfer rates are observed with pure blood, whereas Fe₃O₄–blood suspension with weak magnetization shows the lowest rates. Magnetic bioconvection is enhanced with increasing Reynolds number or magnetic field strength. However, a rise in the Péclet number consistently reduces microorganism distribution across all cases. These insights provide valuable guidance for optimizing thermal and flow control in biomedical and industrial applications.