Religion and Health: Interactions Between Physical, Mental, and Social Well-being and Methodological Considerations

This study aims to systematically review the relationship between religion and health and derive implications for the Korean context. Religion contributes to health by (1) promoting healthy behaviors such as smoking cessation, moderation in alcohol consumption, and physical activity; (2) reinterpreting stress through religious beliefs, thereby enhancing mental stability and resilience; and (3) expanding social networks and providing support, which improve both physical and mental health. Research findings indicate that participation in religious activities reduces the risks of major chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and metabolic disorders. For example, Mormon men exhibit lower mortality rates from heart disease and cancer compared to non-Mormons, while Mormon women have lower breast cancer incidence due to higher breastfeeding rates and less frequent use of oral contraceptives. Religious teachings encourage individuals to value their bodies, leading to earlier detection and treatment of illnesses and greater adherence to medical care. Moreover, religious beliefs play a crucial role in supporting healthy behaviors, and activities like prayer and meditation provide mental comfort. Studies on depression suggest that individuals with stronger religious involvement tend to have fewer depressive symptoms, with approximately 60% of related research confirming this negative correlation. Religion enables individuals to reinterpret stress as divine will, fostering positive coping strategies. Religious networks further contribute by enhancing social connections and access to resources that support health. However, the effects of religion can vary based on cultural and individual differences, and overly strict religious regulations may provoke resistance or adverse reactions. In conclusion, religion extends beyond mere faith to serve as a significant mechanism for promoting healthy behaviors, managing stress, and providing social support, ultimately enhancing overall health.