Management of ocular surface disorders according to the guidelines of the Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop (DEWSII) Report

Ocular surface disorders, including dry eye disease, affect 5–50% of the population, with prevalence increasing with age, especially among women. Symptoms such as dryness, burning, and eye fatigue significantly reduce quality of life. The tear film consists of aqueous-mucin and lipid fractions, providing protection and hydration for the eye. Meibomian gland dysfunction, which disrupts the lipid layer, accounts for most cases of dry eye disease by causing excessive tear evaporation. A modern approach to ocular surface disorder therapy, combining pharmacotherapy, neuromodulation, and advanced technologies, may relieve daily chronic eye pain.