Unravelling the Zone of Rhizosphere and its Biotic Interaction over Plant-Soil Relationship

Intensive agriculture, while increasing food production, has caused second generation problems in respect of nutrient imbalance including greater mining of soil nutrients to the extent of 10 million tons every year depleting soil fertility, emerging deficiencies of secondary and micronutrients, decline of water table and its quality of water, decreasing organic carbon content, and overall deterioration in soil health. Indian soils not only show deficiency in both primary nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium) but also of secondary nutrients (Sulphur, Calcium and Magnesium) and micronutrients (Boron, Zinc, Copper, and Iron etc.) (Ministry of Agriculture, 2015). Improved grain production to meet the food demand of an increasing population has been highly dependent on chemical fertilizer input based on the traditionally assumed notion of ‘high input, high output’, However, crop yield has not increased proportionally with growing fertiliser inputs in recent decades, resulting in low nutrient use efficiency and increased environmental concerns which results in overuse of fertilizers ignores the biological potential of roots or rhizosphere for efficient mobilization and acquisition of soil nutrient. The plant roots and rhizosphere interaction in the Rhizosphere region where plant releases exudates from roots which act as chemical signals. This involves in Nutrient cycling and nutrient transformation. The rhizosphere offers a potential solution to combat these deficiencies and improve soil fertility. Also signalling between plant and rhizosphere is very rich and complex micro biome diversity which they undergoes both interspecies and intraspecies signalling.