Challenges and Issues Hindering Internal Peace in Pakistan

The social fabric of Pakistan is being destroyed due to intolerance and violent extremism. This intolerance is rooted back in the historical realities of monarchy, colonialism, dictatorship and fascism. Today, Pakistan is rated very low on the peace index and listed high in conflict and violence. The article identifies the factors contributing to the current issues and conflicts. Through desktop analysis of legal frameworks, international human rights treaties, and the status of marginalized groups, including children, women, minorities, and persons with disabilities, two online focus group discussions involving university faculty members across the country. This is part of a more extensive study to develop a peace education course. This analysis revealed how Pakistan's internal peace challenges are characterized by unequal power distribution and a persistent prioritization of security concerns over social development and radicalism's social, economic, and cultural aspects. The thematic analysis highlighted critical issues, including geopolitical tensions, the dominance of security state apparatus, impacts of historical dictatorships, unsustainable population growth, economic and social warfare, environmental degradation, problematic social behaviours, and educational deficiencies. A key finding is how low literacy rates and inadequate education systems perpetuate these challenges. The study suggests sustainable internal peace requires a holistic approach that addresses structural inequalities and social development needs while promoting inclusive governance and educational reform.