Mechanisms for ensuring energy security in the system of international relations considering economic sanctions and political conflicts

In the context of globalisation and growing interdependence of economies, energy security has become a critical component of national security. Sanctions and changes in energy markets have forced countries to adapt their strategies to maintain energy independence and competitiveness. The aim was to investigate the mechanisms of ensuring energy security in the system of international relations, in particular, the role of economic sanctions as an instrument of influence on the energy policy of states. The adaptation strategies of countries under sanctions pressure in the energy sector were analysed. The study demonstrated how states diversify their energy supply, seek new markets and suppliers, and promote the development of renewable energy sources as alternatives to fossil fuels. Particular emphasis was placed on the European Union’s experience in formulating an energy security policy in response to sanctions imposed on Russia, resulting in substantial alterations to energy infrastructure and supply methodologies. The implementation of this systems allows managing energy resources more efficiently, optimising energy supply and storage processes, and reducing costs. The results of the study showed that sanctions have affected global energy markets, changed energy flows, raised prices and created new challenges for countries that depend on energy imports. The study also revealed how countries affected by sanctions are looking for new ways to strengthen their energy positions through international cooperation and partnership. This analysis helped to better understand the mechanisms of countries’ adaptation to the conditions of restrictions, and identify key factors that contributed to their success in the context of changing energy policies. The study aimed to formulate robust suggestions for states regarding effective measures to respond to sanctions pressure, thereby enhancing energy security and economic sustainability amid global problems