POINT-BY-POINT AND COMPLEX QUALITY METRICS IN ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN RESEARCH: REVIEW OF METHODS AND APPROACHES

In the oceanic and atmospheric sciences, various general quantitative indicators, or quality metrics, describe the quality of the various modeling products, including numerical weather prediction, statistical correction, and downscaling. Metrics provide the level of accuracy of model processes reproduction and allow for comparison of models by estimating the uncertainty of their results. This paper presents a classification of the most frequently encountered quality metrics in the scientific literature. Examples are given for each group of quality metrics. In addition to assessing traditional point-by-point metrics, complex metrics that consider various aspects of modeling results are studied. Such specific metrics have an emphasis on the spatial structure, internal correlations, and heterogeneity of the predicted variable fields, ensemble forecasts etc. Special attention in this paper is also devoted to the object-oriented metrics or metrics based for rare and extreme events.