Comparative Analysis of ICIs, CAR-T Therapy, and Cancer Vaccines in Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a popular cancer treatment, which mainly focuses on regulating the body's own immune response to achieve the goal of treatment. There are many different treatments available in this field, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. But there are still problems that have not yet been resolved. This article analyzes the research of ICIs, CAR-T cell therapy, and tumor vaccines, summarizes their characteristics and compares them. This study provides a horizontal comparison of ICIs, CAR-T therapies, and cancer vaccines in terms of efficacy, safety, and adaptability in cancer treatment. ICIs demonstrate broad applicability and validated efficacy but are not universally effective. CAR-T therapies show significant efficacy in hematological malignancies but face challenges in solid tumors. Cancer vaccines offer potential but are less universally effective. Safety profiles vary, with ICIs manageable through pharmacological interventions, CAR-T therapies requiring careful management due to serious side effects, and cancer vaccines showing generally mild adverse events. However, there are still substantive problems that have not been solved, and future research can focus on clinical research directions.