A Study on the Origin and History of Socks: Focusing on Ancient Civilizations

This study explores the origins and history of socks in ancient times to provide foundational materials for clothing education and enhance humanistic understanding. Through a literature review, the research defines socks, examines their origins, and explores their use in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. The results are as follows. First, socks are defined as “clothing made of yarn or fabric worn on bare feet” and are categorized by length into “socks,” “stockings,” and “tights.” They serve both physical and aesthetic purposes and were introduced to Korea in the 1780s as Western-style socks (洋襪). The earliest known literary record of socks dates back to the 8th century BCE in Greece, with the term ‘piloi’. However, it is presumed that the region of Cyprus was the first to wear socks, as evidenced by a shoe-shaped vase from the 14th century BCE Mycenaean period. Second, although there is no direct evidence of sock-wearing in Mesopotamia and Egypt, it is speculated that 7th-century BCE Assyrian soldiers’ ‘shin guards’ resembled modern-day knee-high stockings. Additionally, the “Anaxirides” worn by the Saka Tigrahauda tribe, who paid tribute to Persia, are believed to have been trousers with shoes, most likely the origin of tights. In Egypt, socks are depicted in wall paintings from around the 1450s BCE, and their use in the Cyprus region slightly earlier (14th century BCE) is believed to be related to the rugged terrain of the region. Third, in the 8th century BCE Greece, ‘piloi’ was placed inside shoes, and by the 5th century BCE, the distinction between socks and shoes became clearer. The Romans had a culture of wrapping their feet in leather or cloth, with the oldest known sock artifacts dating back to the 2nd century CE, including Roman 'udones' and ‘Coptic socks’ from Egypt. Furthermore, nalbinding sock artifacts from the 3rd to 7th centuries CE showcase various techniques and colors. In conclusion, the historical origins and evolution of socks reflect the unique characteristics of different eras, cultures, geographies, and social values, underscoring the cultural significance of socks. Further research is recommended to explore the development of socks from the Middle Ages to the modern era.