Mechanisms of hyperglycemia formation as a result of traumatic brain injuries (literature review)

Hyperglycemia is a common complication after traumatic brain injury and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. This review examines some of the mechanisms that lead to hyperglycemia after traumatic brain injury, including stress-induced hyperglycemia, inflammatory response, and hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction. Hyperglycemia can lead to lactic acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, inflammation, vascular disorders, and blood brain barrier rupture and increased permeability. Patients who develop hyperglycemia after traumatic brain injury have a high risk of poor outcome and mor tality.