The role of AMPK activation in metabolic regulation, energy homeostasis and aging: A comprehensive overview

5’ Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor responsible for maintaining homeostasis, regulating metabolic control, monitoring energy status, and balancing energy production with consumption. The most important protein kinases that activate AMPK are liver kinase B1 and calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. AMPK significantly impacts physical performance by accelerating recovery periods and restoring energy stores through several key mechanisms. It regulates muscle glycogen content, ensuring readily available energy during physical exertion. In addition, a high number of mitochondria enable the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source, thereby improving endurance efforts. Furthermore, rich vascularization in the muscles enhances the delivery of nutrients and oxygen, optimizing performance and speeding up recovery. AMPK is also important for maintaining muscle homeostasis. It decreases insulin resistance, stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, and exerts an antioxidant effect. As a regulator of energy homeostasis, AMPK plays a key role in linking cellular energy levels with the aging process. It acts as a modulator of cellular senescence and has the potential to extend life expectancy, particularly in the context of caloric restriction. By activating AMPK, caloric restriction (activated with a 30 – 70% reduction in nutrient intake) helps to maintain energy balance in cells, which may slow down aging and support healthier cellular function over time. In conclusion, the involvement of AMPK in metabolic regulation and maintenance makes it an important therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of several diseases, both age-related and otherwise.