Encapsulation of hydrophobic bioactive compounds in yeast cells: mechanisms, challenges, and applications in biotechnology

Encapsulation of hydrophobic bioactive compounds represents a transformative approach in biotechnology for enhancing stability, bioavailability, and controlled release of these molecules. This review explores key aspects of hydrophobic bioactive compounds, including their types, properties, and applications across diverse fields such as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. Challenges associated with the stability and bioavailability of hydrophobic compounds, driven by their susceptibility to environmental factors like light, oxygen, and temperature, are critically analyzed. The potential of yeast cells, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as biocompatible and biodegradable encapsulation platforms is discussed in detail. The robust cell wall structure, composed of β-glucans, mannans, and chitin, provides a natural barrier that protects encapsulated substances from degradation while enabling the gradual release of active ingredients. Advanced encapsulation techniques, such as the use of polysaccharide coatings, microgels, and nanoparticles, are evaluated for their ability to enhance encapsulation efficacy and delivery efficiency. Moreover, the application of biopolymers and auxiliary substances to improve the protective capabilities of encapsulated systems is explored. Finally, cutting-edge analytical methods, including spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, are presented for assessing stability, bioavailability, and release profiles of encapsulated compounds. This review underscores the significant potential of yeast cell encapsulation in addressing challenges in biotechnology, offering innovative solutions for sustainable and effective delivery systems.