MICROBIAL THREATS TO PUBLIC HEALTH: EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THE ROLE OF PHARMACOLOGY- NARRATIVE REVIEW

Background: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) continue to pose significant threats to global public health, driven by environmental disruption, globalization, and the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The integration of pharmacology and public health strategies is critical in addressing these threats. Objectives: This review explores the drivers of EIDs, the role of pharmacology in combating them, and the integration of innovations like vaccines and diagnostics into global health frameworks. It also identifies key gaps in knowledge and highlights potential future directions. Methods: A thematic analysis of recent literature was conducted, focusing on key findings related to pathogen evolution, the development of vaccines and therapeutics, and public health preparedness. Results: The review identifies zoonotic spillovers, climate change, and AMR as central drivers of EIDs. Advances such as mRNA vaccines and genomic technologies have significantly enhanced disease prevention and management. However, inequities in access to healthcare innovations and gaps in pathogen surveillance remain major challenges. AI-driven tools and one-health approaches are highlighted as emerging trends with transformative potential. Conclusions: Addressing EIDs requires interdisciplinary strategies that combine pharmacological innovations, public health measures, and global collaboration. Future research should focus on equitable access, advanced surveillance systems, and sustainable antimicrobial solutions to bridge existing gaps and improve global preparedness.