Impact of Militancy on the Trade of Pinus Gerardiana Nuts (Chilghoza) in District North Waziristan Agency (Ex FATA)

The trade of pinus gerardiana nuts (Chilghoza) is critical for the economy and livelihoods of communities in District North Waziristan Agency, formerly FATA. Its commercial value supports local economies and provides employment, highlighting the importance of sustainable management and market access for these valuable non-timber forest products. This research investigates the effects of militancy on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) trade, particularly Chalghoza nuts, in District North Waziristan Agency, previously known as Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). NTFPs play a crucial role in the livelihoods and economies of many communities globally. However, regions affected by militancy often face challenges disrupting NTFP trade, impacting local populations' livelihoods. The study employs quantitative analysis and qualitative case studies to explore the relationship between militancy and NTFPs, focusing on Chalghoza nuts. Data were collected from key stakeholders, including NTFPs and Chalghoza nuts collectors, traders, and government officials, during and after periods affected by terrorism and military operations. Twenty-seven plant species were identified as commercially important NTFPs, with Chalghoza nuts being the most significant due to their commercial value and support to the local economy. Findings indicate that women and youth predominantly collect NTFPs and Chalghoza nuts, while the market trade is controlled by older men. Most respondents were illiterate and untrained, relying on personal experiences and traditional methods for collection, transportation, and packing. The study highlights significant impacts of terrorism and military operations on Chalghoza nuts trade in North Waziristan Agency, FATA. The presence of terrorism creates instability, fear, and insecurity, leading to 32% unemployment among Chalghoza collectors/traders, with 14% shifting to other sectors. An inequitable profit gap was recorded among local collectors, middlemen, and traders, sometimes exceeding 200%. Military operations and militancy disrupt production, transportation, and market access, resulting in decreased productivity, increased costs, and reduced profit. Additionally, military operations cause collateral damage, casualties, and destruction of Chalghoza market infrastructure and supply chains, exacerbating industry challenges. The study recommends conflict-sensitive resource management strategies prioritizing NTFP-dependent communities' security and welfare, ensuring safe access, sustainable harvesting, and equitable trade to uplift the rural economy.