Evaluating Space Education Through Pisa and Timss: Trends, Challenges, and Future Directions

While the integration of space science within the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) assessments has revealed promising trends, a notable research gap has also emerged with respect to the lack of longitudinal studies exploring how this integration affects educational outcomes over time. To address this gap, this study delves into the complexity and educational impacts of space-related questions across various assessment cycles, with the aim of uncovering certain patterns in the integration of space content and their effects on fostering interdisciplinary and cognitive skill development among students. This research is essential for promoting the development of effective educational strategies that not only enhance scientific literacy but also prepare students for future technological challenges.