Architectural and urban planning context of the physical dimension of urban identity

In the contemporary context, urban identity is a critical aspect of city development. Its influence is evident in decision-making regarding the preservation of cultural heritage, the enhancement of social cohesion, and the stimulation of economic growth. For these interrelated goals, architectural and urban planning serve as foundational elements in shaping and reflecting a city’s unique character and value. The study aimed to analyse architectural and urban planning determinants as essential multidimensional components in the formation and maintenance of urban identity. Using a comparative approach, the study identifies specific forms of material expression in the urban environment that foster a sense of identity and belonging among residents and visitors alike. A comparative analysis of analogous global and Ukrainian sites was conducted, including the cities of Palmanova (Italy) and Zhovkva (Ukraine); architectural and urban planning ensembles of the Circus (Bath, England) and Stometrivka (Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine), Empire State Building (New York, USA) and the Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet (Lviv, Ukraine). The findings indicate that the study of urban identity centres on a comprehensive understanding of human-place identification dynamics. The study reveals that examining urban identity necessitates a comprehensive understanding of human identification with their place of residence. Consequently, arguments for the preservation of landmark sites within established urban settings are insufficient and require specification at the level of their physical manifestations. It is proposed to emphasise the architectural and urban planning context, analysing it in alignment with three widely accepted levels of city organisation. Physical components of the urban environment, such as buildings and structures, architectural complexes and ensembles, streets and squares, as well as the city’s overall territory, can serve as primary active elements, each equally contributing to the formation of urban identity. In some instances, understanding the city as a cohesive whole offers significantly greater potential compared to viewing its components separately, and vice versa. The capacity of individual elements to merge historical and contemporary aspects within a unified urban structure enhances the overall appeal and functionality of urban areas, further promoting a socially and culturally cohesive environment. The findings of this study can support more effective planning and implementation of urban development strategies, potentially preserving each city’s uniqueness and enhancing the quality of life for residents