Remote sensing insights into subsurface-surface relationships: Unveiling geological structures and landforms at copper deposits

This review article delves into the transformative role of remote sensing techniques in elucidating subsurface-surface relationships at copper deposits. Understanding these connections is key to accurately finding and describing copper deposits, helping to make mineral exploration and extraction more efficient and sustainable. The purpose of this study is to provide a complete review of the use of remote sensing to characterise geological and topographical features in copper-rich areas by synthesising current research and technical advances. It explores key contributions from recent literature and case studies, shedding light on the intricate interconnections between subsurface geology and surface features. While remote sensing offers significant benefits, such as higher accuracy and broader coverage compared to traditional methods, it also faces limitations, including resolution constraints, the need for ground-truthing, and poor penetration in vegetated areas, necessitating complementary techniques. Through critical analysis, the article aims to offer valuable insights to researchers, geologists, and industry professionals engaged in mineral exploration and resource management. Ultimately, this review strives to serve as a vital resource, fostering informed decision-making and promoting sustainable practices within the dynamic realm of copper deposit exploration and exploitation.