Regional Variations and Adaptive Morphology of Apis cerana Forelegs Across India

This study investigated the foreleg morphometry of Apis cerana across 16 diverse locations in India, spanning the northern, southern, and northeastern regions, to explore regional adaptations and environmental influences. The foreleg measurements were analyzed for five key segments: The coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Significant regional differences were observed, with northern populations exhibiting larger dimensions, southern populations showing smaller forelegs, and northeastern populations showing intermediate measurements. These variations are likely linked to the distinct climatic conditions and flora in each region, suggesting adaptive responses to environmental pressures. The tibia showed consistent dimensions across all regions, indicating its evolutionary conservation for basic leg functions, whereas the coxa and trochanter exhibited higher variation, reflecting fine-tuned adaptations to local ecological demands. This study provides valuable insights into the morphological diversity and functional adaptations of Apis cerana, contributing to our understanding of how environmental factors shape honeybee morphology.