Modeling and Implementation of an Open-loop Single-axis Solar Tracking System Driven by an SMA Spring Actuator

Solar panels must maintain the vertical direction of sunlight throughout the day to optimize their electrical energy output. Different actuators, such as electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic, can accomplish the tracking mechanism. However, there are several issues with these actuators, including their affordability, size, complexity of their control circuits, and maintenance requirements. Smart materials called shape memory alloys (SMAs) have replaced traditional actuators to address these issues. The SMA has special qualities that make it crucial in designing a solar panel sun-tracking system. When heated or subjected to a direct electric current, the SMA spring may function as a linear actuator, contracting with significant force. On the day the test is being conducted, the current data might be kept in an Excel sheet table according to the sun's azimuth angles. This study aims to model by Matlab/Simulink and implement an SMA actuator (spring) driven single-axis solar tracker in the azimuth direction under open-loop control. The results show that, in comparison to the fixed panel, the mobile solar panel's maximum efficiency will increase by 30% at noontime solar radiation values of 1026 W/m^2. Additionally, these alloys help to raise the average efficiency of the moving plate's increase by 60% when compared to the stationary panel. To validate the computational model results, experimental tests have been conducted on an SMA-based solar tracker setup. The simulated and experimental results appear to correlate well. The results also indicate that this alloy is a good actuator for driving solar trackers.