Electric Three-weeler Charging Infrastructure & Safety Parameter for Sustainable Mobility in India

Electric three-wheelers are emerging as a critical component of sustainable urban mobility, especially in developing countries like India. This review investigates the dual focus of enhancing charging infrastructure and addressing safety parameters, with an overarching goal of enabling the widespread adoption of these vehicles. The study employs a mixed-method approach, integrating policy analysis, technical review of battery technologies, and evaluation of infrastructure gaps. Statistical data reveals a 64% reduction in energy demand and a 37% decrease in CO2 emissions associated with India's shift to electric three-wheelers by 2030. A comparative analysis of battery technologies, including lead-acid, lithium-ion, and solid-state batteries, highlights the challenges of energy density, cost, and environmental impact. The findings underscore the critical need for urban charging stations in Delhi and similar expansions in other metropolitan cities on a priority basis to meet demand. Novel contributions include an in-depth analysis of safety protocols, proposing advancements in battery management systems and international charging standards. This study concludes by advocating a multi-stakeholder approach, involving government, industry, and academia, to overcome infrastructural and technological barriers, facilitating the adoption of electric three-wheelers as an eco-friendly alternative to fossil-fueled vehicles.