Fungal – assisted microalgae flocculation and simultaneous lignocellulolytic enzyme production in wastewater treatment systems

The study investigates the application of white rot fungi for reactor-scale microalgae harvesting and explores the mechanisms underlying the algal-fungal interactions and their impact on biomass composition. Enzymatic analysis and microscopy revealed that the formation of algal-fungal complexes and successful harvesting are coupled with fungal cellulose-degrading enzyme production and hydrolytic processes of microalgae cells. Fluorescence intensity decreased by over 80 % in cells stained with Calcofluor-white after interaction with white rot fungi, indicating the reduction in cellulose content in microalgal cells caused by fungal enzymatic activity. These enzymes also caused significant cell damage and more than 50 % decrease in microalgae cell size. The presence of cellulolytic enzymes broadens the potential application of the resulting biomass in various biotechnological applications. Moreover, reactor-scale bioflocculation resulted in over 95 % <i>T. obliquus</i> and almost 85 % <i>C. vulgaris</i> harvesting efficiency from secondary wastewater within less than 24 h, demonstrating the method's scalability and industrial applicability.