Sustainable Development through Geothermal Energy: Findings from Germany, Italy, Turkey, Iceland and France

Geothermal energy plays an important role in Europe’s transition towards sustainable energy systems, significantly contributing to environmental, economic and social sustainability. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of geothermal energy development in Germany, Italy, Turkey, Iceland and France. It highlights their unique approaches, policy frameworks and technological advancements. The study reveals that geothermal energy strengthens energy security, reduces greenhouse gas emissions and promotes economic growth. Despite different levels of development, each country shows progress in integrating geothermal energy into their renewable energy portfolios. The findings show the importance of strong governance, policy support and technological innovation in order to achieve sustainable development by developing and using geothermal energy.