Perspective on the impact of the massiveness of mega-constellations on diverse ecosystems

From the irruption of the New Space paradigm, a multitude of disruptive initiatives and cutting-edge technologies emerged in the space sector, resulting in the creation of new vertical domains. In recent years, satellite systems have been envisaged for communications to provide ubiquitous, global, and broadband services. However, the demanding requirements can only be met by large Low Earth Orbit satellite constellations (i.e., mega-constellations). This industry of massive space-based networks, currently led by SpaceX, is converging with the 3GPP Non-Terrestrial Networks market due to their common trend. For this purpose, satellite operators are partnering with Mobile Network Operators to access their 3GPP-compliant frequency spectrum and implement Direct-to-Handset technologies. Nevertheless, mega-constellations pose major problems to multiple global ecosystems. This paper delves into the economic, governance, sustainability, astronomical, and coexistence issues arising from the mega-constellation industry and offers a new perspective on how the space ecosystem should evolve to avoid collapse.