Study on the Influence of Photovoltaic Array Tilt Angle on the Output Power of Photovoltaic Modules

A numerical simulation study was conducted on different photovoltaic array models with varying tilt angles in different wind and sand environments. The installation tilt angles of the photovoltaic arrays (15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°) were simulated. The results showed that excessively large or small installation tilt angles lead to an increase in the amount of dust particle deposition on the surface of the photovoltaic modules. The deposition is minimized when the photovoltaic array is installed at a tilt angle of 45°. Experiments were conducted with five different installation angles (15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°), revealing that the output power loss of the first row of photovoltaic modules was the most significant, while the third and fourth rows were less affected by the tilt angle. The power loss rates of the photovoltaic modules due to the five different installation angles were 1.90%, 1.42%, 1.76%, 1.87%, and 2.01%, respectively. The output power loss rate of the modules increased significantly at installation angles of 15° and 75°, whereas the power loss was relatively lower at 45°.