Paper-Based Printed Heaters for Low-Cost Comfort Applications

Printed electronics have revolutionized the landscape of Internet of Things applications with their sustainable, cost-effective, and large-scale fabrication features. Among these innovations, printed heating elements have emerged as a promising technology, offering versatile and stable heating performance suitable for diverse applications ranging from wearables to automotive and smart buildings. This study presents printed heaters on paper combining water-based silver ink and screen printing. The fabricated heaters were characterized electrically and thermally, demonstrating stable performance under varying voltage conditions and rapid heating/cooling. Also, infrared imaging coupled with precise emissivity determination highlighted the importance of accurate methods for the temperature assessment. Moreover, the scalable potential was explored, showcasing the viability of sustainable printed heaters for low-cost industrial heating solutions.