3D Electromechanical Coupling Simulation Under Heart Failure: Exploring Reentry Phenomena and Arrhythmogenesis

Heart failure alters the electrophysiological properties of cardiomyocytes, leading to changes in the overall mechanical function of the heart, with significant implications for human health. Current research on heart failure predominantly focuses on two-dimensional electrophysiological models, which limits their ability to fully capture the complexity of heart failure. In contrast, our work integrates both electrophysio-logical and mechanical aspects by developing a cardiomyocyte model incorporating heart failure remodeling within a three-dimensional electromechanical coupling model, providing a more comprehensive understanding of heart failure dynamics. We investigated the variations in electromechanical coupling properties of the left ventricle under heart failure conditions, focusing on key indicators such as ventricular action potentials, myocardial contractility, ventricular volume, and pressure. The simulation results successfully reproduced the impact of heart failure on both electrophysiological and mechanical characteristics. Additionally, the simulation observed reentrant waves under heart failure conditions, further revealing that heart failure predisposes the heart to reentrant arrhythmias. In conclusion, the 3D electromechanical coupling model presented in this study offers crucial insights into the mechanisms of reentry phenomena and arrhythmogenesis under heart failure conditions.