On quantum reliability characterizing systematic errors in quantum sensing

Quantum sensing utilizes quantum effects, such as entanglement and coherence, to measure physical signals.The performance of a sensing process is characterized by error which requires comparison to a true value.However, in practice, such a true value might be inaccessible.In this study, we utilize quantum reliability as a metric to evaluate quantum sensor's performance based solely on the apparatus itself, without any prior knowledge of the true value.We derive a general relationship among reliability, sensitivity, and systematic error, and demonstrate this relationship using a typical quantum sensing process.That is to measure magnetic fields (as a signal) by a spin-1/2 particle and using the Stern-Gerlach apparatus to read out the signal information.Our findings illustrate the application of quantum reliability in quantum sensing, opening new perspectives for reliability analysis in quantum systems.