Regional-specific trends of PM2.5 and O3 temperature sensitivity in the United States

Climate change poses direct and indirect threats to public health, including exacerbating air pollution. However, the influence of rising temperature on air quality remains highly uncertain in the United States, particularly under rapid reduction in anthropogenic emissions. Here, we examined the sensitivity of surface-level fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and ozone (O₃) to summer temperature anomalies in the contiguous US as well as their decadal changes using high-resolution datasets generated by machine learning. Our findings demonstrate that in the eastern US, stringent emission control strategies have significantly reduced the positive responses of PM_2.5 and O₃ to summer temperature, thereby lowering the population exposure associated with warming-induced air quality deterioration. In contrast, PM_2.5 in the western US became more sensitive to temperature, highlighting the urgent need to manage and mitigate the impact of worsening wildfires. Our results have important implications for air quality management and risk assessments of future climate change.