Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Melinjo Seed Extract Components in Rats

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds are rich in resveratrol (RES) and its dimers, gnetin C and gnemonoside A. They have various pharmacological benefits, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; however, their pharmacokinetics, especially in animal models, must be better understood. This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of melinjo seed extract (MSE) components in rats. Plasma samples were collected up to 24 h after intergastric administration of MSE (1000 mg/kg), gnetin C, or gnemonoside A (51 μmol/kg each). RES was present as conjugates, with maximum plasma concentration (1065 nM) achieved at 6 h postadministration of MSE. The plasma concentrations of gnetin C and gnemonoside A following MSE administration were sustained, and their absorption rates, based on the AUC–dose relationship, reached 13.7 and 4.8%, respectively, and higher than that of each standard alone. These findings indicate that MSE enhances the absorption of RES and its derivatives, potentially supporting their therapeutic applications and functional foods.