Emerging trends in new psychoactive substance use: case studies from the National Rehabilitation Center, United Arab Emirates

INTRODUCTION: New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), also known as designer or synthetic drugs, present significant challenges to public health. Defined as substances that produce altered states of consciousness and are not controlled by international drug treaties, at least when they initially enter the illicit market, NPS include synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, stimulant-type drugs, and other emerging psychoactive substances. These drugs often mimic the effects of regulated substances but with varying and potentially severe health impacts. This article reviews the scope, classification, and clinical implications of NPS, focusing on their growing prevalence and the challenges they pose to healthcare systems, particularly in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and in the broader Middle East region.METHODS: specific case studies from the National Rehabilitation Center (NRC) in the UAE, illustrating the complexity of NPS-related health issues and the importance of advanced analytical techniques in detecting these substances, are also reported.RESULTS: Synthetic cannabinoids, such as MDMB-4en-PINACA and 5F-ADB, can lead to severe health issues, including metabolic disturbances and psychological effects. Synthetic cathinones, including 2,3-dimethylmethcathinone and naphyrone, have been associated with severe stimulant effects and health risks.DISCUSSION: Findings from the NRC underscore the increasing use of synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones in the region, highlighting the need for enhanced surveillance and treatment strategies. The role of comprehensive toxicological testing in managing substance use disorders are emphasized so as strategies for addressing the growing NPS epidemic. Through detailed case analyses and laboratory methodologies, this article contributes to the understanding of NPS and supports the development of effective public health responses.