Cognitive reserve is associated with the recruitment of compensatory brain networks in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Background Cognitive Reserve (CR) refers to the brain's ability to maintain optimal cognitive function despite damage or pathology. The neural implementation of CR is a major research focus, and resting‐state functional connectivity (RSFC) has emerged as a promising imaging correlate of CR. We assessed RSFC as a function of two different proxy measures of CR and further assessed the impact of these brain networks on longitudinal cognitive performance in a sample of cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Method Analyses were conducted in 328 CU individuals from the ALFA cohort (mean age=60.8, SD=4.74) with available CSF Aβ, p‐tau, resting‐state fMRI and longitudinal cognitive assessment (average follow‐up time=3.35 years, SD=0.53). CSF Aβ42 and Aβ40 were assessed with the exploratory NeuroToolKit, while p‐tau181 was measured with the Elecsys® Phospho‐Tau (181P) CSF immunoassay (both Roche Diagnostics International Ltd). We examined the impact of years of education (YOE) and global score of the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire (CRQ) on the RSFC amongst 246 brain regions of the Brainnetome atlas using the CONN toolbox, selecting a cluster threshold of p<0.005, and adjusting or the effects of age, sex, and APOE status. Result Of the entire sample, 38.4% had positive CSF Aβ42/40 markers. YOE was related to an increased RSFC between regions of the salience network and the anterior default‐mode network (DMN). Increased negative RSFC was found as a function of YOE between primary visual areas and regions of the executive control as well as dorsal attention (Figure 1). In models adjusted by CSF biomarkers, the increased RSFC between the anterior DMN and salience regions predicted better PACC score over time and further modulated the association between CSF Aβ42/40 and longitudinal PACC (Figure 2). CRQ score was associated with a decreased RSFC between the posterior DMN and inferior temporal areas. These patterns of reduced RSFC significantly mediated the impact of CSF Aβ42/40 on longitudinal memory performance (Figure 3). Conclusion RSFC may provide insights into the mechanisms relating CR and cognitive resilience in preclinical AD. Further, the expression of RSFC patterns may serve as an outcome in intervention studies aiming to boost CR.