A systematic exploration of the nutritional benefits and therapeutic potential of <i>Mesembryanthemum forsskalii</i>

Abstract This systematic review highlights the urgent need to explore the nutritional and therapeutic potential of Samh, or Mesembryanthemum forskahlii Hochst. ex Boiss. (M. forskalii) in response to global health challenges and the growing interest in functional foods. Out of 184 records, 30 were chosen for the systematic review, comprising 24 articles and 6 books. The review revealed that 83.33% of the studies concentrated on samh seeds. A comprehensive analysis identified 128 distinctive compounds and categorised them into 10 classes, with amino acids being the most abundant, followed by phenolics, minerals, flavonoids, carboxylic acids, proteins, and lipids. The review highlights various biological properties associated with seed extracts, including antidiabetic properties, regulatory effects on triglycerides and cholesterol levels, and reductions in oxidative stress and gastrointestinal ulcers. The fruit extract was noted to enhance liver function in mice with CCl4-induced toxicity. Although the extract from Samh’s seeds did not show antimicrobial effects, silver nanoparticles derived from the extract were highly effective against bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, while preliminary findings suggest beneficial health effects, the limited toxicological research necessitates further investigation into the safety profile of M. forskahlii. Understanding the potential toxic effects and safe dosage levels is crucial, especially for populations using this plant as a traditional remedy or dietary supplement. This review emphasises the potential of M. forskalii as a functional food that can enhance dietary diversity and promote well-being. The review advocates further research into all parts of the plant to harness their health-promoting potential fully, integrating traditional knowledge into contemporary nutritional practices.