Propulsion Performance Analysis of a Turbofan Engine Using the Ammonia-Blended Fuel: Low-Order Numerical Simulation

Ammonia fuel has garnered significant attention as a carbon-free alternative for powering modern gas turbines.In this study, we evaluate the propulsion performance of a turbofan engine operating on ammonia-blended jet fuel.A one-dimensional numerical model is developed to quantify the engine thrust and efficiencies.Numerical simulations are performed across varying mixing ratios of ammonia and JP-10 jet fuel.Additionally, we examine the impact of key system and operational parameters, such as altitude, vehicle speed, fuel mass flow rate, nozzle and fan nozzle diameters, on maintaining the propulsion performance with ammonia blending.Finally, we calculate the emissions of carbon and nitrogen oxides produced by the turbofan engine when operating with ammonia-blended fuels.