The mechanisms of monoclonal antibodies and their utilization in cancer therapy

Cancer is a serious public health issue and the second leading cause of death worldwide. It is predicted that the number of cancer diagnoses and cancer-related deaths will continue to rise in the future. Advances in molecular biology and genomics of cancer, combined with an increasing understanding of the molecule phenomena in cancer, have led to the emergence of monoclonal antibodies as key therapeutic strategies in reverse pharmacology. Monoclonal antibodies have high specificity and affinity, allowing them to directly target specific tumor markers and modulate the immune system, thereby providing unique advantages in precision cancer therapy. The purpose of this review is to gain an in-depth understanding of the structure and function of monoclonal antibodies, and to provide a comprehensive overview of the applications and developments of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment, as well as their mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses. Furthermore, by analyzing the approved and investigational drugs for different types of cancer and their efficacy, one can gain a deeper comprehension of monoclonal antibodies targeting distinct cancers.