Delivery of nose to brain in the management of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) can cause cerebral vasospasm, which narrows the arteries in the brain and significantly affects the prognosis of the patient. Its limitations persist despite current treatments, which is why new delivery pathways such as the nose-to-brain pathway are being investigated. This non-invasive approach to access the central nervous system allows the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to be avoided and systemic side effects to be reduced. The difficulty of delivering drugs to the brain is a major factor in the pharmaceutical industry's focus on aSAH treatments. As a natural defense mechanism, the BBB severely restricts the ability of most medications to enter brain tissue. This obstacle makes it challenging to develop and administer efficient treatments for aSAH, encouraging more studies in this field. The use of nanotechnology is one way to deliver medication via the BBB and into the central nervous system. One possible approach to administer medications directly to the central nervous system is nose-to-brain transfer. It uses the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways, which are directly connected to the brain, to cross the BBB. Nasal mucosal permeability can be increased, systemic adverse effects can be reduced, and targeted pharmaceutical delivery and retention in the brain can be enhanced through nanotechnology-based nose-to-brain drug delivery devices. This article examines how drugs are carried from the nose to the brain, recent advances in nanotechnology-based treatments, and potential uses of these systems in the management of central nervous system disorders.