Effect of Pressure on MHD Flow of Blood‐Based Hybrid Nanofluid Through an Inclined Stenotic–Aneurysmal Artery

Pressure gradient influence on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of blood‐based hybrid nanofluid containing gold and copper nanoparticles is investigated in the present study. We adopted Caputo’s definition of fractional derivative to transform time‐varying terms in governing equations after being appropriately normalized. Partial‐analytical solutions of these equations are then numerically sought via the concentrated matrix exponential (CME) method, since complex forms of modified Bessel functions are contained in the normalized equations whose inverse Laplace transforms cannot easily be accomplished using known analytical schemes, which is the overriding novelty of this study. Results for velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are analyzed graphically. Numerical results for skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers are also presented in a table. Our results revealed that the fractional‐order derivative increases velocity, temperature, skin friction, and Sherwood’s number, while concentration and Nusselt’s number decrease, accounting for its memory effects in the behavior of the fluid. Additionally, we observed that blood velocity declines with magnetic parameter values, while temperature distribution increases with Eckert’s number values. The study also shows fluctuations in flow motion, temperature, concentration, skin friction, and Nusselt’s number with the stenosis/aneurysmal height. Overall, our findings have significant implications for targeted drug delivery in the arterial system, especially concerning the treatment of atherosclerosis, aneurysms, and other cardiovascular diseases.