Applications and prospects of MEMS technology in wearable devices design

This article reviews recent advances in microsensors, micro-actuators, and micro-energy devices, highlighting their transformative impact on wearable devices and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Tiny sensors are holistic ways that capture precise physiological, neurological, and environmental data and are critical in health monitoring, fitness tracking, and environmental sensing applications. Micro-actuators enhance user interaction and device functionality by converting electrical signals into mechanical actions, providing responsive and intuitive control. Micro-energy devices, including miniature batteries and energy harvesting solutions, ensure the portability, efficiency, and reliability of wearables and BCIs, extend their lifespan, and support continuous use. The integration of these micro-technologies is reflected in applications such as blood glucose monitoring devices for diabetes management, heart rate (HR) monitoring systems for fitness and cardiovascular health, environmentally aware wearables for personal safety and comfort, and motion capture systems for sports performance, rehabilitation, and virtual reality. BCIs utilize microsensors to monitor brain activity and micro-actuators to enable neural control of external devices, providing breakthrough applications in neurorehabilitation and assistive technology. This review highlights the great potential of these miniaturized technologies to create more sophisticated, efficient, and user-friendly wearable and BCIs systems. The continued development of this field promises significant advances in healthcare, fitness, and environmental monitoring, ultimately improving quality of life and expanding the capabilities of wearable technology and BCIs.