Dengue fever-associated glomerulonephritis; an updated narrative mini-review

Introduction: Dengue fever-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) has multifactorial nature. These glomerular changes are likely mediated by the host immune response to dengue virus infection, particularly the deposition of immune complexes and the release of inflammatory cytokines like IL-17. The glomerular injury can lead to proteinuria, hematuria, and even acute glomerulonephritis. Dengue fever-associated glomerulonephritis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, renal biopsy, imaging studies, and serological tests. Laboratory tests revealed proteinuria, hematuria, and granular casts. Additionally, elevated levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are often detected. Glomerular abnormalities in kidney biopsy consisted of mesangial proliferation, endothelial swelling, thrombotic microangiopathy, inflammatory cell infiltration and immune complex deposition. Treatment of dengue-associated glomerulonephritis is primarily supportive, with management of fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure control, and dialysis if necessary. In some cases, immunosuppressive therapy may be required.