Comparison of demographic variables andclinical findings with immune biomarkers in type1 diabetes

Objective: To explore how demographic variables and clinical findings relate to immune biomarkers, assess their impact on glycemic control, and identify the most relevant immune biomarker for the Pakistani population with Type 1 Diabetes. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Chughtai Institute of Pathology, from April 2021 to March 2022. We enrolled 130 male and female diagnosed cases of Type 1 Diabetes of age below18 years in this study. A total of 100 cases were included in the study as per defined criteria and 30 were excluded. Relevant details of demographic variables & clinical findings were noted on a predesigned proforma. 5ml whole blood was taken from each subject. All samples were analyzed for Plasma Glucose, HbA1c%, C-peptide, Anti GAD65, Anti IA2 and Anti IAA. SPSS 25.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Mean age of the Demographic details of study participants was 14.2±3.6years. Majority of the study participants were male (57%). Mean height was 4.89±0.69feet, mean weight of the participants was 57.8±18.0 Kilograms, mean BMI was 27.0±7.7kg/m2and mean Fasting blood glucose level was 213.3 ±128.2 mg/dL. Majority of the participants (57%) belonged to middle socioeconomic class, had normal BMI with a poor glycemic control. When means were compared, it was found that there was a significant difference in the mean anti-GAD level, where group with poor glycemic control having higher values. Conclusion: Anti-GAD65 is the most prevalent immune biomarker in the Pakistani population, with elevated levels linked to poor glycemic control. While low socioeconomic status correlates with worse glycemic outcomes. A targeted approach for high-risk populations may enhance clinical outcomes and alleviate financial and mental burdens for patients. Keywords: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, GAD65, IA-2, IAA, Biomarker