Comparative studies on the effect of camphor leaves and green algal extracts against house sparrow bird <i>Passer domesticus niloticus</i> (Passeriformes:Passeridae) under laboratory conditions

The avicidal repellent effects of camphor plant leaves and green algal extracts were studied under laboratory conditions, crude plant and algal extract when solved by ethanol and hexane. For the free and one-choice feeding test, the ethanol and hexane extracts were coated with sorghum seeds to introduce them as bait to target birds in different concentrations and were tested to clarify their repellent activity against house sparrow bird Passer domesticus niloticus (Passeriformes: Passeridae). The results proved that ethanol extract was more effective than hexane. The assessment of phytochemicals of camphor extract indicated that sterol and triterpenes, phenols, anthraquinone, saponin flavonoid, alkaloid carbohydrates, and glycosides were found in high amounts, and they may be responsible for the avicidal repellent effect observed in the present study. Therefore, camphor could be used as an avicide repellent more than algal extract.