Adaptable Biophilic Design for Informal Learning Spaces: Cultivating Comfort and Inspiration for Marginalized Communities

Abstract This study explores the application of biophilic design principles to informal learning spaces in Indonesia, with a focus on marginalized communities. While biophilic design has been extensively studied in formal educational settings, its potential in informal learning environments remains largely unexplored. This research addresses this gap by synthesizing biophilic design patterns, diverse learning styles, and contextual considerations of adaptability, affordability, and simplicity. Through a comprehensive literature review, analysis of existing informal learning spaces in Indonesia, and consideration of various learning modalities, we developed six key design criteria: (1) adaptable, simple spatial layouts; (2) natural sensory-stimulating elements; (3) affordable and low-maintenance nature elements; (4) cost-effective materials with calming natural colours and textures; (5) seamless indoor-outdoor connections; and (6) adjustable natural and artificial lighting and airflow. These criteria form a framework for creating nature-inspired, learner-centred environments that support diverse educational needs while respecting economic constraints. Our findings suggest that integrating biophilic design in informal learning spaces can enhance educational experiences for marginalized communities in Indonesia. This study contributes to the growing body of research on biophilic design in educational settings and provides practical guidelines for implementation in resource-limited contexts. Future research directions include broader exploration of non-formal learning environments, mixed-methods approaches for comprehensive evaluation, and investigation of long-term impacts on learning outcomes and well-being.