Menopausal hormone therapy is associated with worse levels of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in <i>APOE</i> ε4‐carrying women: An observational study
Significant interactions were found between apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) use for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated tau (p-tau)/amyloid beta (Aβ)42 and Aβ42/40 ratios. APOE ε4 carriers who were MHT users showed worse levels of CSF biomarkers than non-users and non-carriers, both users and non-users. Younger age at MHT initiation was associated with worse levels of the p-tau/Aβ42 and Aβ42/40 ratios in carriers only. The presence of both APOE ε4 carriage and MHT use may be associated with elevated amyloid deposition and AD pathology. Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm the differences observed in the current study.
Authors
- Bruce P. Hermann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0133-4427)
- Carey Elizabeth Gleason (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-4671)
- Barbara B. Bendlin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0580-9875)
- Eef Hogervorst (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9729-4989)
- Davide Bruno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1943-9905)
- Ainara Jauregi Zinkunegi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1307-2989)
- Kimberly D. Mueller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8691-9517)
- Sterling C. Johnson
- Rebecca Langhough
- Kaj Blennow
- Henrik Zetterberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4671-6763)
Institutions
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation (HK)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (US)
- UK Dementia Research Institute (GB)
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Alzheimer s & Dementia
- Published
- 2025-01-09
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.14456
- Citations
- 11
- Primary Topic
- Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 14.24
Funders
- Alzheimer's Association
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation
- European Commission
- Liverpool John Moores University
- Vetenskapsrådet
- National Institutes of Health
- HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme
- National Institute on Aging